Assessing the Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Sustainable Power in Remote Cuba

Abstract

This study evaluates the viability of a specific hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) in-

stallation designed for a remote community as a case study in Cuba. The system integrates

solar, wind, and biomass resources to address localised challenges of energy insecurity

and environmental degradation. Rather than offering a generalised evaluation of HRES

technologies, this work focuses on the performance, impacts, and viability of this particular

configuration within its unique geographical, social, and technical context. Using life cycle

assessment (LCA) and input–output modelling, the research assesses environmental and

socioeconomic impacts. The proposed HRES reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 60%

(from 1.14 to 0.47 kg CO2eq/kWh) and fossil energy consumption by 50% compared to

diesel-based systems. Socioeconomic analysis reveals that the system generates 40.3 full-

time equivalent (FTE) jobs, with significant employment opportunities in operation and

maintenance. However, initial investments primarily benefit foreign suppliers due to

Cuba’s reliance on imported components. The study highlights the potential for local

economic gains through workforce training and domestic manufacturing of renewable

energy technologies. These findings underscore the importance of integrating multiple

renewable sources to enhance energy resilience and sustainability in Cuba. Policymakers

should prioritise strategies to incentivise local production and capacity building to max-

imise long-term benefits. Future research should explore scalability across diverse regions

and investigate policy frameworks to support widespread adoption of HRES. This study

provides valuable insights for advancing sustainable energy solutions in Cuba and similar

contexts globally.