Calibration of a SPECT-CT gamma camera with child and adult thyroid-neck phantoms for in vivo monitoring of radioiodine in the exposed population in case of nuclear emergency

Abstract

The need to quantify the uptake of 131I in the thyroid of the exposed population or workers is one of the main concerns to take into account in case of nuclear or radiological emergencies. In such scenarios, due to the high volatility and rapid intake by inhalation of 131I, it is very important a rapid identification of the exposed individuals to know their level of internal contamination in order to establish action protocols and countermeasures. In vivo measurements of 131I in the thyroid by gamma spectrometry at Whole Body Counters (WBC) is the recommended technique, but it is difficult to manage in case of a large number of individuals potentially exposed. It is known that gamma cameras located in the nuclear medicine services are available at most hospitals and could be used as an alternative method in order to provide support in the emergency response. Thus, this work describes a methodology to calibrate this kind of equipment with anthropometric phantoms to carry out direct measurement of 131I in thyroid for the quantification of internal contamination of the exposed population. A Gamma Camera (GC) of a public hospital from Madrid, H.U. La Paz, was calibrated for such purpose taking into account that a realistic geometry (10 cm distance from GC to phantom) and a rapid screening (counting time of 300 s with collimators removed) of internally contaminated individuals is necessary at early stage response. The calibration factors obtained for 131I vary with thyroid size being in the range of 0.0459 to 0.0541 cps·Bq-1. The minimum detectable activity (MDA) also varies with the thyroid size of the phantoms being in the range of 67 Bq to 79 Bq. An estimation of minimum detectable effective dose for children (E(70)) and adults (E(50)) has been carried out, taking into account such MDA values. Results show that, assuming a scenario of acute inhalation of 131I by members of the public, this methodology allows estimating doses far below 1 mSv three days after the intake. Moreover, the validation of the methodology has been carried out by participating in an international intercomparison exercise (CATHYMARA project, EC-OPERRA 2016–2017) for the in vivo measurement of 131I in thyroid to the exposed population in emergencies.