Benefits of photo-Fenton at low concentrations for solar disinfection of distilled water. A case study: Phytophthora capsici

Abstract

Water phytopathogens may be a big issue in irrigation water. Huge efforts for controlling this problem have changed along the time, from traditional culturing to the use of chemical and biological methods like fungicides and antagonist microorganisms. Moreover, techniques to enhance water quality are still under investigation especially due to the increasing pressure over human intensive agriculture activities. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been demonstrated to be highly efficient on the removal of hazardous chemical compounds as well as microorganisms contained in water. This work reports on the capacity of photo-Fenton to remove Phytophthora capsici zoospores in distilled water at small scale (250 mL solar bottle reactor) under natural solar radiation. Photo-Fenton process efficiency was evaluated using two different iron sources, ferrous sulphate (Fe2+) and ferric nitrate (Fe3+), which led to different zoospores inactivation kinetics. The highest inactivation rate was measured with 5 mg/L of Fe3+ (89.5 M) and 10 mg/L of H2O2 (294 M), which required 2.5 kJ/L of solar UV-dose (only 60 min of solar exposure). Different results observed between both iron salts may be due to the nature of zoospores cell wall and the different role played by the iron speciation in cells. In addition, the separated effects of H2O2, Fe2+ and Fe3+ over P. capsici spores under natural solar radiation and in the dark were also evaluated. For all solar processes evaluated, we observed the following order of inactivation of P. capsici zoospores: Fe3+–H2O2/solar > H2O2/solar > Fe2+-H2O2/solar ≥ Fe3+/solar > Fe2+/solar > solar photo-inactivation.